Fabric Types: The Ultimate Guide

Fabric is a material made from natural or synthetic fibers that are woven, knitted, crocheted, knotted, or pressed together to form a cloth. Fabric production begins with fiber harvesting, followed by cleaning, sorting, and spinning into yarn. Yarn is then woven on a loom to produce finished fabric. Fabric appears in clothing, home furnishings, and countless industrial applications — with properties including texture, weight, breathability, and durability varying widely depending on the fiber type and weave structure used.

This guide covers 50+ fabric types, organized by construction method and end use. Each entry includes fiber composition, key performance characteristics, weight, and common applications.

Fabric Weight Quick Reference

Fabric weight is measured in grams per square meter (g/m²) or ounces per square yard (oz/yd²). Lighter weights are suited to sheer and summer garments; heavier weights provide durability and structure.

Fabric Type	Weight (g/m²)	Weight (oz/yd²)	Typical End Use
Gauze	15–40	0.4–1.2	Medical dressings, summer tops
Tissue	20–50	0.6–1.5	Formal wear overlays
Organza	20–60	0.6–1.8	Wedding dresses, trims
Chiffon	15–30	0.4–0.9	Blouses, evening dresses
Voile	40–80	1.2–2.4	Blouses, curtains
Dimity	60–100	1.8–3.0	Blouses, dresses
Georgette	50–100	1.5–3.0	Dresses, scarves
Charmeuse	30–80	0.9–2.4	Dresses, lingerie
Poplin	90–150	2.7–4.4	Dress shirts, blouses
Oxford	130–200	3.8–5.9	Casual shirts
Taffeta	80–160	2.4–4.7	Evening wear, skirts
Satin	80–200	2.4–5.9	Evening gowns, lingerie
Jersey	120–200	3.5–5.9	T-shirts, sweaters
Gingham	90–150	2.7–4.4	Dresses, blouses
Khaki	150–300	4.4–8.8	Trousers, workwear
Drill	150–300	4.4–8.8	Workwear, uniforms
Denim	271–542	8–16	Jeans, jackets
Canvas	340–540	10–16	Bags, sails, upholstery
Whipcord	200–350	5.9–10.3	Trousers, outdoor wear
Gabardine	150–350	4.4–10.3	Jackets, coats, suits
Baize	300–500	8.8–14.7	Billiard tables, door curtains
Jute	150–600	4.4–17.6	Bags, geotextiles

How is Fabric Made?

The first step in fabric production is harvesting the fiber. Natural fibers are obtained by shearing animals such as sheep for wool, or by extracting cellulose from plants such as flax for linen and cotton for cotton fiber. The harvested fiber is then cleaned to remove impurities and sorted by length and quality.

The next step involves twisting the fibers together to create yarn. Yarn can consist of a single fiber type or a blend of multiple fiber types—such as cotton-polyester blends—which combine the breathability of natural fibers with the durability of synthetics. The resulting yarn is wound into balls or skeins for further processing.

The fabric is then constructed on a loom, where the weaver selects colors, patterns, and determines the dimensions of the finished product. Different weave structures—including plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave—produce distinct fabric textures and performance characteristics.

Fabric Types and Their Uses

Canvas Fabric

Canvas is a heavy-duty, plain-weave fabric typically weighing 10–16 oz per square yard (340–540 g/m²). It is woven from cotton, linen, polyester, or blends thereof. The tight weave structure provides exceptional tear resistance and durability, making canvas suitable for applications requiring structural strength. Canvas is constructed with a simple over-one-under-one weave pattern, which contributes to its characteristic coarse texture and robust performance.

Materials Used for Canvas Fabric

• Cotton
• Linen
• Polyester
• Rayon
• Viscose

Uses of Canvas Fabric

• Upholstery
• Sails
• Backpacks
• Heavy-duty Bags
• Totes
• Shoes
• Jeans
• Outdoor Nets and Hammocks
• Curtains

Chiffon Fabric

Chiffon is a lightweight, sheer fabric weighing approximately 15–30 g/m². It is produced from silk or rayon using a plain weave with alternating S- and Z-twist yarns, which create the characteristic slub texture. The open weave structure allows light to pass through, giving chiffon its translucent appearance. Thicker chiffon variants can achieve a more opaque quality while retaining the fabric’s characteristic drape and fluidity.

Materials Used for Chiffon Fabric

• Silk
• Rayon

Uses of Chiffon Fabric

• Blouses
• Formal Dresses
• Evening Dresses
• Chiffon Scarves

Corduroy Fabric

Corduroy is a pile fabric characterized by vertical ridges, or wales, which range from 1.5 to 21 per inch depending on the specific variety. The difference between corduroy and velvet lies in the size of these cords—corduroy wales are significantly larger and more pronounced. Corduroy is typically woven as a twill base with additional pile yarns interlaced to form the raised ridges. The fabric is composed primarily of cotton, wool, or blends with synthetic fibers.

Materials Used for Corduroy Fabric

• Cotton
• Wool
• Blends with synthetic fibers

Uses of Corduroy Fabric

• Suits
• Shirts
• Jackets
• Trousers

Cotton Fabric

Cotton fibers have a fineness of 11–22 microns and a length ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 inches. The fabric is soft, highly absorbent (capable of absorbing up to 27 times its own weight in water), and breathable, making it comfortable against the skin. Cotton fabric exhibits a shrinkage rate of 3–5% on the first wash when laundered at temperatures above 60°C (140°F). With a tensile strength of 287–597 MPa, cotton provides excellent durability for high-traffic items. Percale cotton—a plain-weave variant with a thread count of 180 threads per square inch or higher—delivers a crisp, smooth texture preferred for bedding and dress shirts.

Materials Used for Cotton Fabric

• Cotton

Uses of Cotton Fabric

• Tablecloths
• Upholstery
• Bedding

Denim Fabric

Denim is a twill-weave fabric in which the weft passes under two or more warp threads, producing the characteristic diagonal ribbing pattern. Standard denim weighs 8–16 oz per square yard (271–542 g/m²), with raw denim typically at the heavier end of this range. The fabric is predominantly composed of cotton, with stretch varieties incorporating 1–3% elastane or spandex for improved fit and mobility. Denim was originally dyed with natural indigo dye to produce the iconic blue shade, though modern manufacturing employs both natural and synthetic indigo dyes. Untreated denim can shrink 2–10% upon the first wash, depending on the fabric weight and pre-washing treatment.

Materials Used for Denim Fabric

• Cotton
• Elastane (in stretch varieties)

Uses of Denim Fabric

• Jeans
• Jackets

Chenille Fabric

Chenille is a pile fabric with a nap surface produced by cutting small segments of yarn—typically 5–15 mm in length—woven through the warp and weft prior to cutting. The resulting tufts create the characteristic soft, velvety texture. Chenille pile height generally ranges from 3–7 mm, contributing to the fabric’s fuzzy appearance and plush hand feel. The base fabric is typically woven from cotton, wool, rayon, or olefin fibers.

Materials Used for Chenille

• Cotton
• Wool
• Rayon

Uses of Chenille Fabric

• Clothing
• Upholstery

Crepe Fabric

Crepe is a lightweight fabric with a distinctive crinkled or puckered surface texture, produced through the use of high-twist yarns—typically 800–1,200 twists per meter—combined with a variety of weave structures including plain, twill, and leno weaves. The fabric weighs approximately 40–120 g/m² depending on the fiber content and weave density. Crepe is manufactured from silk, cotton, wool, or synthetic fibers including polyester and rayon. The textured finish refracts light, giving crepe a soft, muted luster rather than a sharp sheen.

Materials Used for Crepe

• Silk
• Cotton
• Wool
• Rayon
• Polyester

Uses of Crepe Fabric

• Dresses
• Blouses
• Skirts

Damask Fabric

Damask is a reversible figured fabric woven on a jacquard loom, producing flat patterns with a contrast between satin and sateen weave areas. The fabric typically weighs 140–300 g/m² and is composed of linen, cotton, silk, or synthetic fibers. Damask patterns are characterized by a subtle sheen differential between the pattern and background areas, creating a tone-on-tone effect. Historically originating in the Middle East, damask production reached its peak in European luxury textile manufacturing during the medieval period.

Materials Used for Damask Fabric

• Linen
• Cotton
• Silk

Uses of Damask Fabric

• Curtains
• Tablecloths
• Napkins
• Bed Sheets
• Clothing
• Accessories

Georgette Fabric

Georgette is a sheer, lightweight fabric weighing approximately 50–100 g/m². It is woven from silk or rayon using highly twisted yarns—similar to chiffon—with both S- and Z-twist yarns alternating in the weave to create a subtle crinkled texture. The fabric drapes fluidly and exhibits moderate resistance to creasing. Georgette’s characteristic grainy texture distinguishes it from the smoother chiffon weave.

Materials Used for Georgette

• Silk
• Rayon

Uses of Georgette Fabric

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Skirts
• Scarves

Jersey Fabric

Jersey is a single-knit circular or flat-knitted fabric, as opposed to a woven structure. The fabric is produced on knitting machines using cotton, wool, polyester, or blended fibers. Jersey has moderate stretch—typically 15–25% in the crosswise direction—due to its loop structure. The fabric is characterized by a smooth face and a textured back, with different properties on each side. Standard jersey weighs approximately 120–200 g/m².

Materials Used for Jersey

• Cotton
• Wool
• Rayon
• Synthetic fibers

Uses of Jersey Fabric

• T-Shirts
• Sweaters

Khaki Fabric

Khaki is a durable, coarse cotton fabric featuring parallel vertical ridges—wales—typically spaced 8–12 per inch, which are produced during the weaving process using a特殊 weave construction. The fabric weight ranges from 150–300 g/m², providing rugged durability suited for workwear and outdoor applications. The distinct texture and appearance result from the deliberate use of coarse, uneven yarns in the weft direction.

Materials Used for Khaki

• Cotton

Uses of Khaki Fabric

• Trousers
• Jackets
• Workwear

Lace Fabric

Lace is a delicate, open-work fabric constructed by interlocking threads of cotton, silk, rayon, or synthetic fibers in a patterned network. The fabric has a long history dating to the 16th century, with fine lace containing up to 200 or more pattern repeats per square meter. Lace is characterized by its open construction, which typically constitutes 30–70% of the total fabric area depending on the design complexity.

Materials Used for Lace

• Cotton
• Silk
• Rayon
• Synthetic fibers

Uses of Lace Fabric

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Skirts
• Trims and Edgings

Satin Fabric

Satin is a weave structure—typically a 4-harness satin weave—rather than a fiber type, characterized by a smooth, glossy face with a dull back. The weave produces a lustrous surface because long floats of warp yarn (typically 4–8 threads) pass over weft threads, minimizing light scattering at the yarn intersections. Satin is manufactured from silk, cotton, wool, or synthetic fibers including polyester and acetate. Standard satin fabric weighs approximately 80–200 g/m² depending on the fiber content and float length.

Materials Used for Satin

• Silk
• Cotton
• Wool
• Rayon
• Polyester
• Acetate

Uses of Satin Fabric

• Evening Gowns
• Dresses
• Lingerie
• Linings

Taffeta Fabric

Taffeta is a crisp, smooth plain-weave fabric with a fine selvedge edge. It is manufactured from silk, cotton, wool, or polyester filaments. The characteristic rustle—or scroop—of taffeta results from the friction between tightly woven, high-twist yarns. Taffeta typically has a thread count of 200–300 threads per square inch and weighs approximately 80–160 g/m². The tight weave structure provides the fabric with a characteristic smooth hand and lustrous appearance.

Materials Used for Taffeta

• Silk
• Cotton
• Wool
• Polyester

Uses of Taffeta Fabric

• Dresses
• Skirts
• Evening Wear
• Trims

Velvet Fabric

Velvet is a tufted pile fabric with a cut pile height of 1–3 mm, producing the characteristic soft, plush surface. The pile is formed by cutting the warp yarns that are woven between two backing fabrics during the weaving process. Velvet is composed of cotton, silk, wool, or synthetic fibers. The fabric density typically ranges from 200–400 g/m², with silk velvet at the lighter end and cotton or synthetic velvet at the heavier end. The double-woven structure creates two piles that are subsequently separated, resulting in a fabric with identical face and back textures.

Materials Used for Velvet

• Cotton
• Silk
• Wool
• Rayon
• Synthetic fibers

Uses of Velvet Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Robes
• Upholstery

Gingham Fabric

Gingham is a plain-weave cotton or cotton-blend fabric featuring a checked pattern produced by dyeing the yarns prior to weaving—typically using a two-color system with white and one contrasting color. The checks range in size from small 3 mm patterns to large patterns exceeding 25 mm, with the most common being 6–12 mm squares. Gingham weighs approximately 90–150 g/m². The fabric’s characteristic crinkled texture results from a post-weaving finishing process involving heat and moisture.

Materials Used for Gingham

• Cotton
• Polyester

Uses of Gingham Fabric

• Dresses
• Blouses
• Skirts
• Table linens

Linen Fabric

Linen is woven from flax fibers (Linum usitatissimum), which have a tensile strength of 270–900 MPa—significantly higher than cotton. The fibers range from 20–1,400 mm in length, with long fibers producing finer, smoother linen fabrics. Linen absorbs moisture at a rate of up to 20% of its dry weight without feeling damp, and it dries rapidly due to its hollow core structure. The fabric has a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.06 W/(m·K), making it approximately five times more breathable than cotton. Linen fabric exhibits a natural shrinkage of 2–3% on the first wash and softens progressively with each laundering cycle.

Materials Used for Linen

• Flax fiber

Uses of Linen

• Shirts
• Pants
• Skirts
• Table linens

Polyester Fabric

Polyester is a synthetic polymer fabric with a tenacity of 2.5–7.0 grams per denier, making it one of the strongest synthetic fibers available. The fabric exhibits low moisture absorption (0.4–0.8% moisture regain), which enables rapid drying—polyester fabrics typically dry 30–50% faster than cotton under identical conditions. Polyester maintains its shape and resists wrinkles due to its molecular structure, which has a glass transition temperature of approximately 67–81°C (153–178°F). The fiber is highly resistant to stretching, with elongation at break of 15–90% depending on the yarn type.

Materials Used for Polyester

• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) synthetic fibers

Uses of Polyester

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Pants
• Activewear

Spandex Fabric

Spandex (polyurethane-based elastane) provides exceptional stretch and recovery, elongating up to 500–700% of its original length without breaking. The fiber has a tensile strength of 0.35–0.88 grams per denier, lower than many conventional fibers, but its extraordinary elastic recovery—returning to within 95–99% of its original dimensions after stretching—makes it invaluable for form-fitting applications. Spandex is typically blended with other fibers at concentrations of 2–40% to provide stretch without compromising the base fabric’s properties.

Materials Used for Spandex

• Polyurethane-based elastane fibers

Uses of Spandex Fabric

• Skirts
• Dresses
• Pants
• Activewear
• Swimwear

Muslin Fabric

Muslin is a plain-weave cotton fabric with a thread count typically ranging from 80–120 threads per square inch for coarse varieties and up to 200 threads per square inch for finer grades. The fabric weighs approximately 90–220 g/m². Muslin’s open weave structure provides excellent breathability, making it suitable for warm-weather clothing and as a backing fabric for quilts. The natural inspiration for textiles is evident in muslin’s simple, efficient structure that maximizes airflow while maintaining structural integrity.

Materials Used for Muslin

• Cotton
• Occasionally cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Muslin Fabric

• Dresses
• Blouses
• Skirts
• Quilt backing
• Mock-up garments

Organza Fabric

Organza is an extremely sheer, lightweight plain-weave fabric weighing approximately 20–60 g/m². It is produced from silk, cotton, or polyester filaments with a high degree of twist. The crisp hand and translucent quality of organza result from the combination of fine yarns—typically 20–30 denier—and a tight weave structure. Organza is stiffened through sizing or resin finishing, which contributes to its characteristic crisp drape.

Materials Used for Organza

• Silk
• Cotton
• Polyester

Uses of Organza Fabric

• Wedding dresses
• Bridal gowns
• Special occasion apparel
• Trims and overlays

Polyurethane Fabric

Polyurethane (PU) coated fabrics are produced by applying a polyurethane layer to a base textile—typically polyester or nylon—creating a material with a flex cracking resistance of 100,000+ cycles. PU coatings provide waterproof yet breathable properties, with moisture vapor transmission rates of 1,000–5,000 g/m² per day depending on the coating weight and formulation. The fabric is resistant to abrasion, with Martindale abrasion resistance exceeding 20,000 cycles for most coated varieties.

Materials Used for Polyurethane

• Polyurethane polymer coating on polyester or nylon base

Uses of Polyurethane Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Outerwear
• Rainwear

Suede Fabric

Suede is a leather product created from the underside of animal hide—typically split leather with a thickness of 0.5–1.5 mm—processed through a grinding or buffing process to produce a napped surface. The nap length typically ranges from 0.5–2 mm depending on the hide quality and processing method. Suede’s characteristic soft texture results from the deliberate disruption of the hide’s original smooth surface through abrasive action. The fabric provides moderate water resistance but is susceptible to staining and requires protective treatment.

Materials Used for Suede

• Split leather (cowhide, goat, pig)

Uses of Suede Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Skirts
• Dresses
• Pants

Toile Fabric

Toile is a type of cotton or cotton-blend fabric—originally linen—characterized by a repeat pattern printed on a plain-colored background using a single color, typically red or black on white or off-white. The pattern scenes often depict pastoral or historical motifs. Toile fabric typically weighs 120–200 g/m² and is woven in a plain weave structure. The fabric’s name derives from the French word for cloth, toile.

Materials Used for Toile

• Cotton
• Linen
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Toile Fabric

• Upholstery
• Curtains
• Table linens
• Quilts

Velour Fabric

Velour is a plush knitted fabric with a pile surface, typically constructed as a 3-layer structure: a warp-knit back of cotton or polyester, a loose fiberfill middle layer, and a viscose pile face. The pile height ranges from 2–5 mm. Velour differs from velvet primarily in its knit rather than woven construction and its use of a 3-layer structure. The fabric provides moderate stretch—10–30% depending on the base knit construction—and a soft hand similar to velvet.

Materials Used for Velour

• Cotton
• Polyester
• Viscose

Uses of Velour Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Activewear
• Upholstery

Twill Fabric

Twill is a weave structure characterized by a diagonal parallel rib pattern—the twill line—produced by the offset of warp and weft interlacing points. The most common twill angles are 45° and 63°, with the angle determined by the ratio of warp to weft yarns. Twill weaves use a 2/1 or 3/1 warp-faced construction, which produces a fabric with greater tensile strength and drapability than plain weave. Classic examples include denim (2/1 twill), gabardine, and herringbone.

Materials Used for Twill Fabric

• Cotton
• Silk
• Wool
• Polyester

Uses of Twill Fabric

• Jackets
• Skirts
• Dresses
• Pants
• Suits

Viscose Fabric

Viscose (also called rayon) is a semi-synthetic fiber produced by regenerating cellulose from wood pulp—typically beech, pine, or eucalyptus—through the viscose process. The fiber has a tenacity of 1.5–2.5 grams per denier when dry, which decreases by 30–50% when wet, making it weaker when wet than when dry. Viscose absorbs moisture efficiently, with a moisture regain of 11–13%, making it comfortable against the skin. The fabric drapes well due to its low stiffness and moderate density of 1.5 g/cm³.

Materials Used for Viscose

• Regenerated cellulose from wood pulp

Uses of Viscose Fabric

• Blouses
• Skirts
• Dresses
• Pants
• Linings

Dimity Fabric

Dimity is a lightweight cotton fabric with a dull satin finish, woven with a modified plain weave in which each weft thread passes over two warp threads before going under one—producing a distinctive hopsack or checkerboard appearance at close inspection. The fabric typically has a thread count of 100–140 threads per square inch and weighs 60–100 g/m². The raised cords running lengthwise (wales) are created by grouping two or more warp ends together, giving dimity its characteristic horizontal strength.

Materials Used for Dimity

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Dimity Fabric

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Crafts

Charmeuse Fabric

Charmeuse is a lightweight fabric woven in a satin weave with a 4/1 or 5/2 warp-float pattern, producing a glossy satin face and a dull matte back. The fabric is typically manufactured from silk or silk-like synthetic fibers. Charmeuse has a characteristic fluid drape due to its low basis weight of 30–80 g/m² and the long float weave structure. The fabric is notably lighter and more flowing than standard satin, with a soft, luxurious hand feel.

Materials Used for Charmeuse

• Silk
• Polyester (microfiber)
• Acetate

Uses of Charmeuse Fabric

• Skirts
• Dresses
• Lingerie
• Pajamas

Baize Fabric

Baize is a coarse, napped woolen fabric traditionally produced in green or red with contrasting white stripes. The nap is raised by brushing the fabric surface, creating a soft, felt-like texture. Baize fabric weighs approximately 300–500 g/m², providing a dense, durable surface. The traditional production uses a 2/2 twill weave as the base structure before the fulling and napping processes.

Materials Used for Baize Fabric

• Wool
• Wool-cotton blends

Uses of Baize Fabric

• Billiard table covers
• Card table covers
• Door curtains

Drill Fabric

Drill is a strong, durable cotton twill fabric woven in a 2/1 or 3/1 twill construction. The fabric weight typically ranges from 150–300 g/m². The cotton component provides comfort and breathability, while the tight weave structure delivers durability and wrinkle resistance. Drill is similar to denim but with a lighter weight and finer yarn count, making it suitable for workwear, uniforms, and casual clothing.

Materials Used for Drill Fabric

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Drill Fabric

• Shirts
• Pants
• Skirts
• Workwear
• Uniforms

Felt Fabric

Felt is a non-woven textile produced by interlocking wool or hair fibers—typically at least 60% wool content—through the combined action of moisture, heat, and agitation in a process called fulling. The fibers interlock in a random three-dimensional structure, creating a dense fabric without grain or direction. Felt has a thickness of 1.5–6 mm and a density of 0.25–0.60 g/cm³. Because felt has no weave structure, it cannot fray and requires no hemming.

Materials Used for Felt

• Wool
• Wool-blend fibers

Uses of Felt Fabric

• Blankets
• Hats
• Bags
• Insulation
• Craft projects

Poplin Fabric

Poplin is a plain-weave cotton fabric with a fine, smooth surface created by using finer warp yarns than weft yarns, combined with a higher warp thread density. The fabric has 60–100 warp threads per inch and 40–60 weft threads per inch. The characteristic crosswise ribs—called Wales—are produced by the difference in thread size between the warp and weft, with Wales ranging from 2–5 per centimeter. Poplin typically weighs 90–150 g/m² and has a thread count of 200+ threads per square inch for high-quality varieties.

Materials Used for Poplin

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Poplin Fabric

• Dress shirts
• Blouses
• Skirts
• Pants

Gabardine Fabric

Gabardine is a tightly woven twill fabric with a 2/2 diagonal rib pattern and a smooth, lustrous face produced by passing the fabric through a heated calendar during finishing. The fabric has a thread count of 200–300 threads per square inch and weighs approximately 150–350 g/m². Gabardine was originally developed as a waterproof raincoat fabric due to its tight weave structure, which provides significant water resistance. Combed yarns are used in premium gabardine to achieve the characteristic smooth finish.

Materials Used for Gabardine

• Cotton
• Wool
• Polyester

Uses of Gabardine Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Rainwear
• Suits
• Skirts

Lycra Fabric

Lycra (a brand name for elastane/spandex) is a polyurethane-based elastic fiber with 500–700% elongation at break and 95–99% elastic recovery. The fiber has a fineness of 22–9,378 dtex and is typically used at 2–40% concentration in blends with natural or synthetic fibers. Lycra’s unique molecular structure—comprising both hard and soft segments—provides the combination of stretchability and durability that distinguishes it from conventional rubber fibers, which only achieve 500% elongation.

Materials Used for Lycra

• Polyurethane-based elastane fibers

Uses of Lycra Fabric

• Yoga pants
• Leggings
• Swimwear
• Sportswear
• Underwear

Jute Fabric

Jute is a bast fiber extracted from the stems of Corchorus plants, with a tensile strength of 273–441 MPa and a cellulose content of 58–63%. The fiber has a fineness of 10–20 microns and a typical length of 1–4 meters. Jute fabric weighs approximately 150–600 g/m², making it one of the most heavy-duty natural fiber textiles. The fiber is 100% biodegradable and compostable, decomposing within 1–2 years under soil conditions.

Materials Used for Jute

• Jute bast fibers from Corchorus plants

Uses of Jute Fabric

• Bags
• Baskets
• Home decor
• Geotextiles
• Packaging

Tissue Fabric

Tissue fabric is an extremely lightweight, sheer textile weighing 20–50 g/m². It is typically woven from fine silk or synthetic filaments in a plain weave structure with a thread count of 100–150 threads per square inch. The minimal yarn density results in a fabric that wrinkles easily—a characteristic of all very light plain-weave fabrics—but drapes fluidly. Tissue fabric is commonly used in layered garments and formal wear where a floating, ethereal quality is desired.

Materials Used for Tissue

• Silk
• Polyester

Uses of Tissue Fabric

• Skirts
• Blouses
• Dresses
• Formal wear overlays

Tricot Fabric

Tricot is a warp-knitted fabric produced on a Tricot knitting machine using 22–32 gauge needles, creating interlocking loops that run lengthwise. The fabric has a characteristic smooth face and textured back, with widths typically ranging from 120–180 cm. Tricot’s warp-knit construction provides dimensional stability—it does not ravel or run—and resistance to snagging. The fabric stretches 10–40% in the width direction and 30–80% in the length direction depending on the stitch pattern.

Materials Used for Tricot

• Nylon
• Polyester
• Cotton blends

Uses of Tricot Fabric

• Activewear linings
• Lingerie
• Sleepwear
• Swimwear linings

Voile Fabric

Voile is a lightweight, sheer fabric weighing 40–80 g/m², woven with a high thread count of 150–200 threads per square inch in a plain weave structure. It is composed of cotton, nylon, or polyester blended with silk or rayon. The difference between voile and standard sheer fabrics lies in the higher yarn twist—voile uses hard-twisted yarns (400–600 twists per meter)—which gives the fabric a slight crispness and reduces pilling. Voile provides excellent breathability with an air permeability of 1,500–3,000 L/m²/s at 100 Pa.

Materials Used for Voile

• Cotton
• Nylon
• Polyester
• Silk blends
• Rayon blends

Uses of Voile Fabric

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Skirts
• Curtains

Warp Knitted Fabric

Warp knitted fabrics are produced by interlocking loops in the lengthwise direction, with each warp yarn controlled by a separate needle. The fabric has a run-resistant structure—loops do not propagate sideways as in weft knitting—and provides excellent dimensional stability. Warp knit fabrics are produced at speeds of 1,000–2,000 courses per minute depending on the machine gauge. The most common warp knit structures include Tricot, Raschel, and Milanese.

Materials Used for Warp Knitted Fabric

• Nylon
• Polyester
• Spandex blends

Uses of Warp Knit Fabric

• Activewear
• Swimwear
• Lingerie
• Industrial textiles

Weft Knitted Fabric

Weft knitted fabrics are produced by intermeshing loops in the crosswise direction, with a single yarn forming each course. The fabric stretches significantly in the crosswise direction—up to 30–50% depending on the stitch type—due to the horizontal nature of loop formation. Weft knit fabrics are prone to running if a yarn breaks, as the loops can propagate sideways. Single jersey and rib knits are the most common weft knit structures, with machine gauges ranging from 7 to 40 needles per inch.

Materials Used for Weft Knitted Fabric

• Cotton
• Wool
• Acrylic
• Blends

Uses of Weft Knit Fabric

• T-Shirts
• Sweaters
• Dresses
• Hosiery

Whipcord Fabric

Whipcord is a strong, tightly woven twill fabric with steep diagonal ribs running at angles of 63–70° from the horizontal. The fabric weighs 200–350 g/m² and is constructed with a pronounced twill weave using coarse yarns. The tight weave and steep diagonal structure provide excellent resistance to abrasion and water penetration. Whipcord’s stiffness and durability make it particularly suited for outdoor and workwear applications requiring rugged performance.

Materials Used for Whipcord

• Cotton
• Wool
• Polyester blends

Uses of Whipcord Fabric

• Trousers
• Shorts
• Jackets
• Coats

Terry Cloth Fabric

Terry cloth is a loop-pile fabric with uncut loops typically 2–5 mm in height covering both the face and back surfaces. The fabric is woven with a ground warp and a pile warp, with the pile formed by additional yarns that are tucked into the ground weave at regular intervals. Standard terry cloth has a pile density of 3–5 million loops per square meter and a water absorption rate of up to 20 times its weight in water. Cotton terry cloth has a moisture regain of 8–8.5%.

Materials Used for Terry Cloth

• Cotton
• Bamboo cotton
• Modal

Uses of Terry Cloth Fabric

• Towels
• Bathrobes
• Beach cover-ups

Tartan Fabric

Tartan is a woven fabric characterized by a distinctive check or plaid pattern created by intersecting horizontal and vertical bands of color in a specific sequence known as a sett. Each sett defines the thread count and color sequence of the stripes, with thread counts typically ranging from 50–200 threads per 10 cm in each direction. The total number of thread crossings per 10 cm—known as the thread pitch—determines the sett’s compatibility with other tartans for kilt making. There are over 7,000 officially registered tartans in the Scottish Register of Tartans.

Materials Used for Tartan

• Wool
• Cotton
• Polyester

Uses of Tartan Fabric

• Kilts
• Blouses
• Dresses
• Accessories

Stretch Fabric

Stretch fabrics incorporate elastic fibers—typically spandex or elastane—at concentrations of 2–40% to achieve controlled stretch and recovery properties. The fabric typically provides 15–50% crosswise stretch and 10–30% lengthwise stretch, returning to within 95–99% of its original dimensions after stretching. 4-way stretch fabrics—which stretch in both directions—are achieved by incorporating spandex in both warp and weft yarn systems or through circular knitting. Stretch fabric recovery is measured using the SLS 1335 test method, with quality fabrics retaining 95%+ recovery after 5 cycles.

Materials Used for Stretch Fabric

• Cotton-spandex blends
• Polyester-spandex blends
• Nylon-spandex blends

Uses of Stretch Fabric

• Activewear
• Jeans
• Swimwear
• Shapewear

Rib Stitch Knit Fabric

Rib stitch is an interlocking knit structure produced by alternating knit and purl stitches in the same course, creating vertical ribs across the fabric face. The most common rib structures are 1×1, 2×2, and 3×2 rib, with the numbers indicating the ratio of knit to purl stitches. Rib stitch fabric stretches 30–100% in the width direction and 10–20% in the length direction, with the greater widthwise stretch making it ideal for snug-fitting garments. The fabric has excellent recovery due to the alternating stitch geometry.

Materials Used for Rib Stitch Knit Fabric

• Cotton
• Wool
• Acrylic blends

Uses of Rib Stitch Knit Fabric

• Cuffs and collars
• Sweaters
• Tops

Plisse Fabric

Plisse is a fabric treated with a caustic soda solution to create a permanent crinkled or puckered texture through controlled shrinking of selected areas. The chemical treatment causes the untreated portions to pucker, creating a 3D texture effect. Plisse typically reduces the fabric width by 20–40% and the length by 10–20% during the finishing process. The crinkled texture provides the fabric with increased bulk, improved drapability, and reduced transparency.

Materials Used for Plisse

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Plisse Fabric

• Skirts
• Blouses
• Sleepwear

Pinpoint Fabric

Pinpoint is a finely woven fabric constructed in a 2×1 twill weave—the same weave structure as end-on-end broadcloth—with a thread count of 200–300 threads per square inch. The fabric uses fine, long-staple cotton yarns, typically 60–80 count, which produce a smooth, tightly woven surface. Pinpoint has minimal stretch and excellent durability, maintaining its shape through repeated laundering. The 2×1 twill construction produces a subtle diagonal pattern visible at close range.

Materials Used for Pinpoint

• Long-staple cotton

Uses of Pinpoint Fabric

• Dress shirts
• Business shirts
• Sleepwear

Quilted Fabric

Quilted fabric consists of three layers: a top layer of decorative fabric, a middle batting or wadding layer of 80–200 g/m² polyester or cotton, and a backing fabric, all stitched together in a decorative pattern. The stitching creates channel, diamond, or hexagonal patterns that hold the batting in place and prevent migration. Standard quilting thread count in the stitch lines is 4–8 stitches per centimeter. When choosing materials for quilting, cotton and flannel are among the best fabric options for quilt backing because they provide durability, comfort, and ease of maintenance.

Materials Used for Quilted Fabric

• Cotton
• Polyester batting
• Cotton flannel

Uses of Quilted Fabric

• Coats
• Vests
• Bedding

Purl Knitted Fabric

Purl knit fabric is produced by interlocking loops in a way that creates a textured surface with loops visible on both the face and back of the fabric. The knit-purl stitch combination produces a fabric with excellent crosswise stretch—up to 40–60%—and soft draping properties. Purl knits are typically produced on circular knitting machines at gauges of 10–24 needles per inch. The fabric is reversible, with both sides suitable for display, making it popular for sweater construction.

Materials Used for Purl Knit Fabric

• Cotton
• Wool
• Acrylic

Uses of Purl Knit Fabric

• Sweaters
• Cardigans
• Dresses

Percale Fabric

Percale is a closely woven plain-weave cotton fabric with a thread count of 180–500 threads per square inch. The tight weave produces a crisp, smooth texture with a matte finish—distinguished from the sheen of sateen. Percale fabric weighs approximately 100–200 g/m². The properties of cotton fibers—including moisture absorption of 7–8% at standard conditions and a tenacity of 3–7 grams per denier—contribute to percale’s durability and comfort. Percale sheets typically have a thread count of 200–300 threads per square inch and maintain their smoothness through 200+ wash cycles.

Materials Used for Percale

• Long-staple cotton
• Egyptian cotton

Uses of Percale Fabric

• Sheets
• Pillowcases
• Lightweight shirts

Pique Fabric

Pique is a lightweight fabric produced by weaving two or more warp yarns with one weft yarn in a technique that creates a raised cord or waffle texture. The fabric has a characteristic geometric pattern—the most common being a diamond or honeycomb (waffle) piqué—produced by the differential tension between the stuffer yarns and the ground yarns. Piqué typically weighs 120–200 g/m² and has a 1–3 mm pile height in the raised areas.

The fabric has a smooth surface with a distinctive crinkled texture that provides improved breathability compared to flat-woven fabrics of the same weight. The open structure of honeycomb piqué provides 15–25% greater air permeability than comparable plain weave fabrics.

Materials Used for Pique

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Pique Fabric

• Polo shirts
• Blouses
• Dresses
• Tennis wear

Plush Fabric

Plush is a long-pile fabric with a cut pile height of 5–20 mm—significantly longer than velvet (1–3 mm pile). The long pile is produced by weaving additional warp yarns that are subsequently cut to create the raised surface. Plush fabric is used in applications requiring maximum softness and insulation. The pile density ranges from 1.5–4 million tufts per square meter depending on the fabric type and intended application.

Materials Used for Plush

• Cotton
• Modacrylic
• Acrylic

Uses of Plush Fabric

• Coats
• Soft toys
• Linings

Oxford Fabric

Oxford cloth is a basketweave fabric constructed with two warp yarns interlaced as one and one weft yarn—a 2×1 basket weave—producing the characteristic small diamond pattern visible at close inspection. Standard Oxford fabric weighs 130–200 g/m² and uses 40–60 count yarns. Pin oxford is a finer variation using 60–80 count yarns and a higher thread count, producing a smoother, more formal fabric suitable for dress shirts.

Materials Used for Oxford

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Oxford Fabric

• Casual shirts
• Jackets
• Bedding

Filter Fabric

Filter fabrics are engineered nonwoven or woven textiles designed for particle capture in air and liquid filtration. Woven filter fabrics have a pore size ranging from 1–200 microns depending on the mesh count and weave structure. Filter fabrics are commonly treated with antistatic and water-repellent finishes to enhance performance in specific environments. When used in activewear, filter fabric blended with spandex provides stretch recovery while maintaining filtration properties.

Materials Used for Filter Fabric

• Polyester
• Nylon
• Polypropylene

Uses of Filter Fabric

• Air filters
• Liquid filters
• Protective clothing

Fleece Fabric

Fleece is a synthetic insulating fabric—typically polyester—with a nap height of 1–3 mm on one or both sides. The thermal resistance of standard fleece ranges from 0.2–0.6 TOG, making it approximately 20–30% more insulative than woven fabrics of equivalent weight. Polar fleece has a weight of 150–300 g/m² and dries 25% faster than wool due to its hydrophobic polyester base. The fabric provides wind resistance of 60–90% depending on the fabric weight and construction.

Materials Used for Fleece

• Polyester (PET)
• Recycled polyester

Uses of Fleece Fabric

• Jackets
• Sweatshirts
• Blankets

Flannel Fabric

Flannel is a soft woven fabric with a napped surface produced by passing the cloth through a Gigging or napping machine with wire-covered rollers. The nap raises individual fibers to create the characteristic soft hand and fuzzy appearance. Flannel is typically woven in a 2/2 twill or plain weave structure at 130–220 g/m². Flannel has a moisture absorption rate of 12–16% at standard conditions, providing excellent thermal insulation while maintaining breathability. The sportswear industry uses flannel extensively for base layers and loungewear due to its thermal properties.

Materials Used for Flannel

• Cotton
• Wool
• Blends

Uses of Flannel Fabric

• Shirts
• Pajamas
• Loungewear
• Sheets

Fustian Fabric

Fustian is a historic term for a range of cotton-based woven fabrics—including velveteen, corduroy, and thickset—that combine a linen or cotton warp with a cotton weft. The fabric has a cut or uncut pile surface on one side, with pile height of 1–3 mm for velveteen varieties. Fustian fabrics typically weigh 150–350 g/m² and were historically among the most important cotton textiles in European manufacturing from the 13th through 18th centuries.

Materials Used for Fustian

• Cotton warp with linen or cotton weft

Uses of Fustian Fabric

• Coats
• Trousers
• Historical costume

Gauze Fabric

Gauze is an extremely lightweight, open-weave fabric weighing 15–40 g/m²—one of the lightest woven textiles produced. It is constructed from cotton, silk, or synthetic filaments using a plain weave with widely spaced yarns. The open structure provides air permeability of 3,000–5,000 L/m²/s at 100 Pa, making gauze highly breathable. The fabric is sufficiently sheer to be pulled through a small ring—a traditional test of its fineness.

Materials Used for Gauze

• Cotton
• Silk
• Polyester

Uses of Gauze Fabric

• Blouses
• Dresses
• Medical dressings
• Curtains

Industrial Fabric

Industrial fabrics are high-performance textiles engineered for technical applications requiring specific mechanical properties. These fabrics have a tensile strength ranging from 100–2,000 N/mm² and are resistant to UV degradation, chemical exposure, and extreme temperatures. Industrial fabrics are used in conveyor belts (typically with 300–600 N/mm tenacity), filtration systems, and geotextiles for soil stabilization. Common polymer types include polyester (PET), polyamide (Nylon 6 and 6,6), and aramid (Kevlar, Nomex).

Materials Used for Industrial Fabric

• High-tenacity polyester
• Nylon
• Aramid
• Glass fibers

Uses of Industrial Fabric

• Conveyor belts
• Tent fabric
• Safety harnesses
• Geotextiles

Interlock Knit Fabric

Interlock knit fabric is a double-knit structure produced on a circular interlock machine with a 1×1 rib knit construction on both sides of the fabric. The fabric has identical smooth surfaces on the face and back. Interlock stitches interlock at every course, creating a thicker, more stable fabric than single jersey—approximately 30–50% heavier per unit area. Interlock fabric typically stretches 20–40% in width and 10–20% in length, with excellent recovery due to the interlocking loop structure.

Materials Used for Interlock Knit Fabric

• Cotton
• Cotton-polyester blends

Uses of Interlock Knit Fabric

• T-shirts
• Underwear
• Activewear

Jean Fabric

Jean fabric is a cotton twill textile distinct from denim in that it uses a plain or minimal twill structure rather than the pronounced 2/1 or 3/1 twill of denim. Jean fabric typically has a smoother surface and lighter weight—100–180 g/m²—than denim. The term “jean” historically referred to a 2/2 twill wool-cotton blend imported from Genoa, but modern usage encompasses a range of lightweight cotton twill fabrics used primarily for casual clothing.

Materials Used for Jean Fabric

• Cotton
• Cotton blends

Uses of Jean Fabric

• Casual shirts
• Lightweight trousers
• Jackets

Jacquard Fabric

Jacquard fabric is woven on a Jacquard loom, which individually controls each warp thread to produce complex, large-scale patterns—floral, scenic, or geometric—woven directly into the fabric structure. The pattern is determined by punch cards or modern computer controls, allowing for an essentially unlimited variety of designs. Jacquard fabrics typically have a thread count of 200–400 threads per square inch and a fabric weight of 150–350 g/m². Damask, brocade, and matelassé are all subcategories of jacquard-woven fabrics.

Materials Used for Jacquard

• Silk
• Cotton
• Polyester
• Wool

Uses of Jacquard Fabric

• Upholstery
• Dresses
• Ties
• Bedding

Kashmir Silk Fabric

Kashmir silk (Pashmina) is produced from the undercoat of Changthangi goats native to the Kashmir region of India and Nepal. Each goat yields approximately 80–170 grams of raw pashmina fiber per year, with a fineness of 12–15 microns—finer than standard cashmere (15–19 microns). The fiber has a warmth-to-weight ratio approximately 30% higher than standard wool, providing exceptional insulation at minimal weight. Kashmir silk fabric requires careful storage in moth-proof garment bags to prevent fiber damage from moths.

Materials Used for Kashmir

• Changthangi goat pashmina fiber
• Silk (for blended varieties)

Uses of Kashmir Silk Fabric

• Shawls
• Scarves
• Wraps
• High-end garments

Khadi Fabric

Khadi is a hand-spun and hand-woven fabric, also called khaddar, produced on a traditional charkha (spinning wheel) and handloom. The Indian khadi industry defines fabric as khadi when it contains a minimum of 30% hand-spun yarn by weight. Khadi fabric has a characteristic irregular texture from slight variations in hand-spun yarn thickness. The fabric is approximately 30–40% more porous than mill-spun fabric of equivalent weight, providing superior ventilation in warm climates.

Materials Used for Khadi

• Cotton
• Silk
• Wool

Uses of Khadi Fabric

• Shirts
• Trousers
• Jackets
• Kurtas

Lame Fabric

Lame is a fabric woven with metallic threads—typically gold, silver, or copper-coated polyester—combined with conventional textile fibers. The metallic yarns constitute 20–50% of the fabric weight depending on the desired luster effect. Lame fabric has a characteristic reflective quality that does not tarnish when properly finished with a protective coating. The fabric is typically woven in a plain or satin weave structure at 100–200 g/m².

Materials Used for Lame

• Metallic polyester yarns
• Silk base
• Conventional fibers

Uses of Lame Fabric

• Evening dresses
• Gowns
• Costumes
• Trims

Fiberglass Fabric

Fiberglass fabric is woven from glass fibers with a tensile strength of 1,500–4,600 MPa and a modulus of 69–87 GPa, making it one of the strongest textile fibers available. The fibers are produced by forcing molten glass through bushings at 1,200–1,300°C, resulting in filaments with diameters of 3–20 microns. Standard fiberglass fabric weighs 100–600 g/m² and provides thermal resistance up to 550°C (1,022°F) for E-glass and up to 800°C (1,472°F) for silica glass fibers.

Materials Used for Fiberglass

• E-glass fibers
• S-glass fibers
• Silica glass fibers

Uses of Fiberglass Fabric

• Protective clothing
• Insulation
• Composite reinforcement
• Fireproof barriers

Leather Fabric

Leather is produced from animal hides—commonly cowhide (75% of global production), goat, sheep, and pig—through a tanning process that converts the raw hide into a stable, durable material. Full-grain leather retains the complete hide surface with all natural markings, while top-grain leather has the surface slightly buffed for a more uniform appearance. Leather has a tensile strength of 10–25 N/mm² and a thickness ranging from 0.5–6 mm depending on the hide type and intended application. The moisture content of properly tanned leather is 12–15% at standard conditions.

Materials Used for Leather

• Cowhide
• Goat hide
• Sheep hide
• Pig hide

Uses of Leather Fabric

• Jackets
• Coats
• Trousers
• Accessories

Tetron Fabric as a Cotton Replacement

Tetron fabric is a polyester-cotton blend—typically 65% polyester and 35% cotton—used as a practical alternative to traditional cotton fabric. It has a greater strength-to-weight ratio than cotton alone, providing higher tear resistance and tensile strength at a lower fabric weight. The difference between Tetron and cotton is that Tetron exhibits minimal shrinkage (less than 1% after the first wash compared to cotton’s 3–5%), superior wrinkle resistance, and fade resistance due to its polyester component. The fabric’s smooth, silk-like hand feel surpasses the texture of standard cotton.

Tetron fabric uses significantly less water during production—approximately 50% less than equivalent cotton fabric—making it a more resource-efficient choice. The polyester component provides moisture-wicking properties that cotton lacks, moving perspiration away from the skin more effectively. Tetron is also hypoallergenic and resistant to mildew, making it suitable for individuals with sensitive skin or allergies.

Tetron fabric provides the breathability and comfort of cotton combined with the durability and easy-care properties of polyester, making it a versatile replacement for traditional cotton in garments requiring frequent laundering and extended wear.

Baumwolle Fabric and Its Relationship to Cotton

Baumwolle fabric—from the German “Baum” (tree) and “Wolle” (wool)—is the German term for cotton, literally meaning “tree wool,” referring to the cotton plant’s soft, fiber-bearing seed pods. Baumwolle fabric is produced from the seed fibers of the cotton plant (Gossypium) and is identical in composition to standard cotton fabric. The German terminology does not indicate a different fiber type or weaving method; it is simply a linguistic designation used in German-speaking regions and the textile trade.

Linen and Wool for Suits and Overcoats

Linen and wool are both established choices for suits and overcoats, each offering distinct performance characteristics suited to different wearing conditions. The differences between wool and linen make each fabric better suited to specific climates and occasions.

Wool is a long-lasting fabric with natural elasticity—the fiber can stretch 25–30% of its original length and return to its original dimensions—making it naturally wrinkle-resistant. Wool provides a warmth-to-weight ratio approximately 30% higher than cotton, with a thermal conductivity of approximately 0.05–0.07 W/(m·K). The fabric is water-resistant, absorbing up to 30% of its weight in moisture without feeling damp, and naturally flame-resistant due to its high nitrogen and moisture content. These properties make wool the preferred choice for cold-weather suits and overcoats.

Linen is lightweight and breathable, with a thermal conductivity approximately five times higher than wool—making it significantly cooler to wear in warm conditions. Linen fabric weighs 100–250 g/m² compared to wool suiting at 200–450 g/m². The fabric has a natural luster and crisp drape that creates an elegant silhouette in formal summer suits. Both fabrics are strong and durable, with linen having a higher tensile strength than cotton and wool providing greater abrasion resistance through its scaled fiber structure.

Nylon vs Spandex for Active Wear

When selecting between nylon and spandex fabric for activewear, the specific performance requirements of the activity determine the most suitable choice. Both fibers have complementary properties that make them more effective in combination than either alone.

Nylon is a high-strength polyamide fiber with a tensile strength of 2.5–7.0 grams per denier—among the highest of all synthetic fibers—and exceptional abrasion resistance (exceeding 100,000 Martindale cycles for 6,6 nylon). Nylon absorbs 3.5–4.5% of its weight in moisture, providing a balance between water resistance and breathability. The fiber dries rapidly due to its low moisture absorption, making it effective for outdoor and high-intensity activities where durability and moisture management are priorities.

Spandex provides 500–700% elongation at break with 95–99% elastic recovery, making it the primary choice for garments requiring form-fitting support and unrestricted movement. Spandex’s elasticity is essential for compression activewear, swimwear, and athletic shorts where the fabric must move with the body without restriction. However, spandex alone has low abrasion resistance and low tensile strength (0.35–0.88 grams per denier), making it unsuitable for use as a standalone fiber in high-stress activewear applications.

The optimal approach combines nylon as the structural fiber with 10–25% spandex for stretch and recovery, creating a fabric that is both durable and form-fitting. High-performance activewear typically uses this nylon-spandex combination rather than either fiber alone.

Final Words

This article covers the most common and widely used fabric types in textile manufacturing and everyday applications. The properties, weights, and performance characteristics described for each fabric represent established textile industry standards and specifications. Each fabric type serves specific applications where its unique combination of properties—fiber composition, weave structure, weight, and finishing treatments—makes it the most appropriate choice.

We have also covered how to cut sashing strips for quilts in another post. Do check that out if you are interested.

References

• The following authoritative sources provide the technical specifications and industry data cited throughout this article:

• American Society for Testing and Materials. (2024). ASTM D13 – Standards for Textile Materials. ASTM International.
• British Standards Institution. (2022). BS 6609 – Methods of Test for Woven Textile Fabrics. BSI Standards.
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2021). Natural Fibres: Linen and Jute Technical Data. FAO.
• International Organization for Standardization. (2023). ISO 2076 – Textiles: Man-made Fibres Generic Names. ISO.
• Kadolph, S.J. (2010). Textiles (11th ed.). Pearson Education.
• U.S. Federal Trade Commission. (2023). Textile Fiber Products Identification Act. FTC.

Adios!